What are the ways of transmission of AIDS
AIDS patients and HIV carriers. HIV exists in the body fluids and organs of the infected person, and there is a large amount of HIV in the blood, semen, vaginal secretion, milk and wound exudate of the infected person. Tears, saliva, sweat, urine, feces, etc. without mixing blood and inflammatory exudates, the virus is rare and not contagious.
The route of transmission of AIDS:
1. Sexual contact transmission
The virus that transmits AIDS through sexual contact exists in the semen and vaginal secretions of infected people and spreads between men and women through sexual intercourse (including normal sexual intercourse, anal communication and oral sex). Globally, 9 out of every 10 adults infected with AIDS are transmitted through sexual intercourse, and the more sexual partners there are, the greater the risk of HIV infection. People with venereal diseases are more likely to be infected with AIDS during sexual intercourse.
Sexual contact transmission is the main way of HIV infection. Whether homosexual or heterosexual, the spread of HIV will occur. Worldwide, HIV is mostly transmitted through heterosexual contact. The rate of HIV transmission among adults is shown in the table:
Route of transmission ratio
71% of heterosexual transmission
Homosexuality spread 15%
7% of intravenous drug users
Bloody transmission 5%
Other reasons unknown 2%
In North America and Europe, male homosexual sexual contact-transanal sexual intercourse is the main mode of transmission of the disease. Homosexual and bisexual men are the main groups of HIV infection. 's initial discovery of AIDS patients in the United States is mainly concentrated in gay men. Anal intercourse between gay men can easily cause damage to the anal and rectal mucosa. through the way of HIV entering the blood, semen containing a large amount of HIV and male secretions before ejaculation enter the blood circulation through the injured mucosa. In addition, gay men often exchange sexual partners, and some homosexuals have dozens or hundreds of sexual partners dildo vibrator , which increases the chance of HIV infection. In Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, most AIDS is infected through heterosexual contact and vaginal intercourse. The prevalence rate of AIDS is 1:1, the ratio of male to female. The transmission of HIV among the opposite sex can be divided into two methods: male →, female → and male. Compared with the two ways, the risk of male → transmission in female was higher than that in female → male transmission. Both semen and cervical secretions can carry HIV. Anatomically, secretions can be retained in women rather than men, so the transmission caused by semen and cervical secretion exchange is more effective in men and women with →. There is a custom in some African countries that wives are inherited by their brothers after the death of their husbands in order to prevent the loss of family property. However, this inheritance in today's AIDS epidemic in Africa, in the inheritance of brothers and wives, but also inherited the deadly dowry of HIV. HIV-positive wives can pass the virus to their husbands' brothers, so male → female → male is an important route of transmission in Africa. Prostitution plays an important role in the spread of AIDS. Prostitutes with HIV transmit the virus to prostitutes, who in turn transmit the virus to other prostitutes. When combined with sexually transmitted diseases, the chance of spreading AIDS is greatly increased, genital erosion and ulcers open the channel for the virus to enter the blood circulation, and genital ulcers are easy to be infected with AIDS. In Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of prostitution and whoring, HIV infection spreads rapidly. In Thailand, for example, HIV infection rates have increased at an alarming rate since 1990.
Bisexual men are highly dangerous not only to male sexual partners, but also to female sexual partners. Many people in bisexuality are married and may often have sex with prostitutes. These bisexuals who marry or often have sexual contact with the opposite sex may introduce the spread of homosexuality into heterosexual people. Therefore, homosexual and heterosexual sexual behaviors of bisexual men play an important role in the spread of HIV.
The main sexual behavior transmitted by HIV is through anal sexual intercourse and vaginal sexual intercourse. There are few reports of HIV transmission through oral sexual intercourse, which is considered to be a low-risk sexual behavior. However, if there are oral mucosal erosion and ulcers, the risk of oral sexual intercourse is significantly increased.
2. Transmission through blood
Mainly through the introduction of HIV-contaminated blood and blood products, or the use of HIV-contaminated syringes and needles that are not strictly sterilized. It can also be spread through the use of contaminated, unsterilized acupuncture tattoos, ear piercing, acupuncture, and sharing razors and toothbrushes with patients and infected people.
Sharing injection tools contaminated by HIV penis pumps to treat ed , inputting blood and blood components contaminated by HIV, transplanting tissues and organs contaminated by HIV is blood-transmitted. Intravenous drug use has become the second largest part of HIV infection in the United States and Western Europe. In southern China, intravenous drug use is the main way to spread AIDS. The spread of HIV is due to sharing blood-contaminated needles, syringes and injectable paraphernalia. At the same time, most drug users are sexually active groups, and many of the HIV infections are sexual. They trade in sex and prostitution, exchanging drugs and money. Under the general conditions of the hospital, using needles and tips contaminated by HIV, the probability of simply piercing the skin at one time to infect HIV is 0.3%. Intravenous drug users draw blood many times to wash the drugs in the tube, and the blood contaminated by HIV is left in the needle. Generally, HIV in the blood can survive for 15 days at room temperature, and other drug users will be infected when they re-use contaminated syringes. With the increasing number of people sharing syringes, the risk of HIV infection is also increasing. On the other hand, after taking drugs deep anal dildo , the desire for sexual contact increases, and the risk of HIV infection is further increased by changing drugs through the sex trade.
Blood transfusion or blood components is one of the important ways of transmission in the early stage of the AIDS epidemic. With the development of modern medicine, blood transfusion and blood products are more and more widely used. Countless patients' lives have been saved through blood transfusions and blood products, but if they are given to blood and blood products contaminated by HIV, HIV will be directly injected into the blood circulation. Blood components such as factor concentrate are extracted from the plasma of many blood donors, so they are more likely to contaminate HIV. About 6% of blood donors in the United States have Viiiii factor concentrates produced in the United States in the early HIV,80 era, causing infection among hemophiliacs around the world. France's blood centres are contaminated with HIV and thousands of healthy blood recipients are infected with AIDS. These painful lessons must be alarmed. At present, developed countries have strengthened the screening of blood donors, and China has also strengthened the management of blood donors and blood products. After the blood donor was infected with HIV, the blood supply was in the window period, and the HIV antibody could not be detected. At present, none of the blood donors can detect HIV antigen. Because the HIV antigen equipment is complex and the cost is high. In view of this, it is very important to strengthen and improve the screening system for blood donors, and blood transfusions and blood transfusion products must be cautious.
Organ transplantation technology is an important development of modern medicine. Many patients with end-stage heart, lung, liver, kidney and other organ diseases can be reborn through organ transplantation, but the damaged organs are potentially dangerous. Routine HIV antibody detection of organ donors can significantly reduce the transmission of HIV by organ transplantation. The Centers for Disease Control in the United States has reported that many patients who received kidney, liver, bone marrow transplants were infected with HIV. For these iatrogenic transmission, the prevalence of HIV in developed countries is gradually decreasing. In this way, few people get sick, but it has a great impact. Because it has something to do with public health.
3, mother-to-child transmission mother is AIDS patients or infected people, in the process of pregnancy, delivery through blood or postpartum through breast milk to transmit HIV to the fetus or newborn. Children born to women infected with AIDS are more likely to be infected with AIDS from their mothers. Almost all children with HIV die before the age of 3.
The vertical transmission of AIDS in children by mothers was first reported in 1982. This transmission may occur in the uterine cavity, or it may occur during delivery, during postpartum lactation, and may be transmitted to the baby through breast milk containing HIV.
HIV can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Studies have shown that HIV can be isolated from fetuses aborted at 8 weeks of gestation. The transmission rate of mother to fetus determines the development stage and immune function of mother infected with HIV, such as the number of T4 lymphocytes and so on. After the fetus is infected with HIV in the womb, it will affect the development of the embryo, easy to miscarriage, or develop into AIDS after birth. The earlier the fetus is infected by HIV in the womb, the more likely it is to have a miscarriage or affect the fetal development. The earlier the fetus develops AIDS-related symptoms after birth, the shorter its survival time. At Ndola Pediatric Hospital in Zambia, a total of 265 neonatal HIV/AIDS patients were treated in 1993, of which 86 per cent developed illness in the first 3 weeks of life, including septicemia, bronchitis, deep jaundice and skin lesions, and 74.5 per cent died within 3 months of birth. Newborns who get sick within 1 month after birth generally survive no more than 6 months. Mother-to-child transmission may also occur during vaginal delivery. if the fetus has skin and mucosal damage during delivery, the HIV in the maternal blood enters the infant's blood circulation through the injured wound. Studies have shown that caesarean section can reduce the transmission of HIV infection from mother to baby.
The virus can be isolated from the milk of HIV-infected mothers, and breastfeeding can transmit HIV to the baby. It has been reported that a mother was infected with HIV after a postpartum blood transfusion and her baby was infected with HIV after sucking her breast milk for 6 months. However, the probability of breast-feeding infected with HIV is not clear. Health authorities in the United States have advised mothers with HIV infection not to breastfeed. In many African countries, due to poor economic conditions and insufficient breast milk substitutes, stopping breastfeeding can lead to severe malnutrition and endanger the survival of babies faster than HIV infection, so breastfeeding is still advocated for HIV-infected mothers in many African countries.
Measures to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child include persuading women infected with HIV not to give birth and finding pregnancy
Termination of pregnancy. As a result of fetal infection with HIV, most of them die within the age of 3 after birth, and the surviving babies will also become chronically ill children and motherless orphans. There are a lot of ethical, moral and emotional problems.
The treatment of AIDS includes
1. General supportive therapy: including physical and mental recuperation and nutritional supply.
2. Control the treatment of opportunistic infections and malignant tumors: most opportunistic infections have special specific drugs, using a variety of antimicrobial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs to treat opportunistic infections of AIDS patients under the guidance of doctors. Malignant tumors are treated by radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery as decided by the doctor.
3. Anti-HIV drugs. Directly inhibit the activity of viral reverse transcriptase and prevent the replication of the virus in human cells, such as diazothymidine and DDI. These two drugs are widely used in clinic. After taking drugs, some patients can not completely inhibit the process of virus replication in the body and reduce the number of viruses; but once the dose is reduced or stopped, the virus level immediately rebounds, obviously these two drugs can not cure AIDS, but can only slow down the disease and prolong survival.
In recent years, after using AZT to treat thousands of people infected with HIV in the United States, it has been found that the use of AZT in advance before the onset of the disease can delay the onset of the disease. Taking AZT to pregnant women infected with HIV can reduce the risk of vertical transmission of the virus from mother to child, and the HIV infection rate of their babies is significantly lower than that of pregnant women in the placebo group without drug effects.
4 sexshop , immune support therapy: one is to prevent HIV from combining with human cells, mostly anti-body type. It can be a surface antigen against the virus or an antibody against the T4 cell receptor, blocking the combination of the two, but only in the laboratory stage. The other is biological factors, such as interferon, interleukin and other factors that affect the differentiation or growth of lymphocytes, but they are still far from practical application. The recently proposed blood transfusion therapy also falls into this category.
AIDS prevention of mother-to-child transmission
1. Women infected with HIV should not become pregnant.
2. Clinical practice in recent years has found that giving the drug diazide thymidine to treat AIDS three months before delivery can prevent 70% of babies born to mothers with HIV from being infected with HIV.
3. Women with HIV do not need to breastfeed their babies after delivery, because HIV can be transmitted through breast milk.
The route of transmission of AIDS:
1. Sexual contact transmission
The virus that transmits AIDS through sexual contact exists in the semen and vaginal secretions of infected people and spreads between men and women through sexual intercourse (including normal sexual intercourse, anal communication and oral sex). Globally, 9 out of every 10 adults infected with AIDS are transmitted through sexual intercourse, and the more sexual partners there are, the greater the risk of HIV infection. People with venereal diseases are more likely to be infected with AIDS during sexual intercourse.
Sexual contact transmission is the main way of HIV infection. Whether homosexual or heterosexual, the spread of HIV will occur. Worldwide, HIV is mostly transmitted through heterosexual contact. The rate of HIV transmission among adults is shown in the table:
Route of transmission ratio
71% of heterosexual transmission
Homosexuality spread 15%
7% of intravenous drug users
Bloody transmission 5%
Other reasons unknown 2%
In North America and Europe, male homosexual sexual contact-transanal sexual intercourse is the main mode of transmission of the disease. Homosexual and bisexual men are the main groups of HIV infection. 's initial discovery of AIDS patients in the United States is mainly concentrated in gay men. Anal intercourse between gay men can easily cause damage to the anal and rectal mucosa. through the way of HIV entering the blood, semen containing a large amount of HIV and male secretions before ejaculation enter the blood circulation through the injured mucosa. In addition, gay men often exchange sexual partners, and some homosexuals have dozens or hundreds of sexual partners dildo vibrator , which increases the chance of HIV infection. In Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, most AIDS is infected through heterosexual contact and vaginal intercourse. The prevalence rate of AIDS is 1:1, the ratio of male to female. The transmission of HIV among the opposite sex can be divided into two methods: male →, female → and male. Compared with the two ways, the risk of male → transmission in female was higher than that in female → male transmission. Both semen and cervical secretions can carry HIV. Anatomically, secretions can be retained in women rather than men, so the transmission caused by semen and cervical secretion exchange is more effective in men and women with →. There is a custom in some African countries that wives are inherited by their brothers after the death of their husbands in order to prevent the loss of family property. However, this inheritance in today's AIDS epidemic in Africa, in the inheritance of brothers and wives, but also inherited the deadly dowry of HIV. HIV-positive wives can pass the virus to their husbands' brothers, so male → female → male is an important route of transmission in Africa. Prostitution plays an important role in the spread of AIDS. Prostitutes with HIV transmit the virus to prostitutes, who in turn transmit the virus to other prostitutes. When combined with sexually transmitted diseases, the chance of spreading AIDS is greatly increased, genital erosion and ulcers open the channel for the virus to enter the blood circulation, and genital ulcers are easy to be infected with AIDS. In Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of prostitution and whoring, HIV infection spreads rapidly. In Thailand, for example, HIV infection rates have increased at an alarming rate since 1990.
Bisexual men are highly dangerous not only to male sexual partners, but also to female sexual partners. Many people in bisexuality are married and may often have sex with prostitutes. These bisexuals who marry or often have sexual contact with the opposite sex may introduce the spread of homosexuality into heterosexual people. Therefore, homosexual and heterosexual sexual behaviors of bisexual men play an important role in the spread of HIV.
The main sexual behavior transmitted by HIV is through anal sexual intercourse and vaginal sexual intercourse. There are few reports of HIV transmission through oral sexual intercourse, which is considered to be a low-risk sexual behavior. However, if there are oral mucosal erosion and ulcers, the risk of oral sexual intercourse is significantly increased.
2. Transmission through blood
Mainly through the introduction of HIV-contaminated blood and blood products, or the use of HIV-contaminated syringes and needles that are not strictly sterilized. It can also be spread through the use of contaminated, unsterilized acupuncture tattoos, ear piercing, acupuncture, and sharing razors and toothbrushes with patients and infected people.
Sharing injection tools contaminated by HIV penis pumps to treat ed , inputting blood and blood components contaminated by HIV, transplanting tissues and organs contaminated by HIV is blood-transmitted. Intravenous drug use has become the second largest part of HIV infection in the United States and Western Europe. In southern China, intravenous drug use is the main way to spread AIDS. The spread of HIV is due to sharing blood-contaminated needles, syringes and injectable paraphernalia. At the same time, most drug users are sexually active groups, and many of the HIV infections are sexual. They trade in sex and prostitution, exchanging drugs and money. Under the general conditions of the hospital, using needles and tips contaminated by HIV, the probability of simply piercing the skin at one time to infect HIV is 0.3%. Intravenous drug users draw blood many times to wash the drugs in the tube, and the blood contaminated by HIV is left in the needle. Generally, HIV in the blood can survive for 15 days at room temperature, and other drug users will be infected when they re-use contaminated syringes. With the increasing number of people sharing syringes, the risk of HIV infection is also increasing. On the other hand, after taking drugs deep anal dildo , the desire for sexual contact increases, and the risk of HIV infection is further increased by changing drugs through the sex trade.
Blood transfusion or blood components is one of the important ways of transmission in the early stage of the AIDS epidemic. With the development of modern medicine, blood transfusion and blood products are more and more widely used. Countless patients' lives have been saved through blood transfusions and blood products, but if they are given to blood and blood products contaminated by HIV, HIV will be directly injected into the blood circulation. Blood components such as factor concentrate are extracted from the plasma of many blood donors, so they are more likely to contaminate HIV. About 6% of blood donors in the United States have Viiiii factor concentrates produced in the United States in the early HIV,80 era, causing infection among hemophiliacs around the world. France's blood centres are contaminated with HIV and thousands of healthy blood recipients are infected with AIDS. These painful lessons must be alarmed. At present, developed countries have strengthened the screening of blood donors, and China has also strengthened the management of blood donors and blood products. After the blood donor was infected with HIV, the blood supply was in the window period, and the HIV antibody could not be detected. At present, none of the blood donors can detect HIV antigen. Because the HIV antigen equipment is complex and the cost is high. In view of this, it is very important to strengthen and improve the screening system for blood donors, and blood transfusions and blood transfusion products must be cautious.
Organ transplantation technology is an important development of modern medicine. Many patients with end-stage heart, lung, liver, kidney and other organ diseases can be reborn through organ transplantation, but the damaged organs are potentially dangerous. Routine HIV antibody detection of organ donors can significantly reduce the transmission of HIV by organ transplantation. The Centers for Disease Control in the United States has reported that many patients who received kidney, liver, bone marrow transplants were infected with HIV. For these iatrogenic transmission, the prevalence of HIV in developed countries is gradually decreasing. In this way, few people get sick, but it has a great impact. Because it has something to do with public health.
3, mother-to-child transmission mother is AIDS patients or infected people, in the process of pregnancy, delivery through blood or postpartum through breast milk to transmit HIV to the fetus or newborn. Children born to women infected with AIDS are more likely to be infected with AIDS from their mothers. Almost all children with HIV die before the age of 3.
The vertical transmission of AIDS in children by mothers was first reported in 1982. This transmission may occur in the uterine cavity, or it may occur during delivery, during postpartum lactation, and may be transmitted to the baby through breast milk containing HIV.
HIV can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Studies have shown that HIV can be isolated from fetuses aborted at 8 weeks of gestation. The transmission rate of mother to fetus determines the development stage and immune function of mother infected with HIV, such as the number of T4 lymphocytes and so on. After the fetus is infected with HIV in the womb, it will affect the development of the embryo, easy to miscarriage, or develop into AIDS after birth. The earlier the fetus is infected by HIV in the womb, the more likely it is to have a miscarriage or affect the fetal development. The earlier the fetus develops AIDS-related symptoms after birth, the shorter its survival time. At Ndola Pediatric Hospital in Zambia, a total of 265 neonatal HIV/AIDS patients were treated in 1993, of which 86 per cent developed illness in the first 3 weeks of life, including septicemia, bronchitis, deep jaundice and skin lesions, and 74.5 per cent died within 3 months of birth. Newborns who get sick within 1 month after birth generally survive no more than 6 months. Mother-to-child transmission may also occur during vaginal delivery. if the fetus has skin and mucosal damage during delivery, the HIV in the maternal blood enters the infant's blood circulation through the injured wound. Studies have shown that caesarean section can reduce the transmission of HIV infection from mother to baby.
The virus can be isolated from the milk of HIV-infected mothers, and breastfeeding can transmit HIV to the baby. It has been reported that a mother was infected with HIV after a postpartum blood transfusion and her baby was infected with HIV after sucking her breast milk for 6 months. However, the probability of breast-feeding infected with HIV is not clear. Health authorities in the United States have advised mothers with HIV infection not to breastfeed. In many African countries, due to poor economic conditions and insufficient breast milk substitutes, stopping breastfeeding can lead to severe malnutrition and endanger the survival of babies faster than HIV infection, so breastfeeding is still advocated for HIV-infected mothers in many African countries.
Measures to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child include persuading women infected with HIV not to give birth and finding pregnancy
Termination of pregnancy. As a result of fetal infection with HIV, most of them die within the age of 3 after birth, and the surviving babies will also become chronically ill children and motherless orphans. There are a lot of ethical, moral and emotional problems.
The treatment of AIDS includes
1. General supportive therapy: including physical and mental recuperation and nutritional supply.
2. Control the treatment of opportunistic infections and malignant tumors: most opportunistic infections have special specific drugs, using a variety of antimicrobial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs to treat opportunistic infections of AIDS patients under the guidance of doctors. Malignant tumors are treated by radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery as decided by the doctor.
3. Anti-HIV drugs. Directly inhibit the activity of viral reverse transcriptase and prevent the replication of the virus in human cells, such as diazothymidine and DDI. These two drugs are widely used in clinic. After taking drugs, some patients can not completely inhibit the process of virus replication in the body and reduce the number of viruses; but once the dose is reduced or stopped, the virus level immediately rebounds, obviously these two drugs can not cure AIDS, but can only slow down the disease and prolong survival.
In recent years, after using AZT to treat thousands of people infected with HIV in the United States, it has been found that the use of AZT in advance before the onset of the disease can delay the onset of the disease. Taking AZT to pregnant women infected with HIV can reduce the risk of vertical transmission of the virus from mother to child, and the HIV infection rate of their babies is significantly lower than that of pregnant women in the placebo group without drug effects.
4 sexshop , immune support therapy: one is to prevent HIV from combining with human cells, mostly anti-body type. It can be a surface antigen against the virus or an antibody against the T4 cell receptor, blocking the combination of the two, but only in the laboratory stage. The other is biological factors, such as interferon, interleukin and other factors that affect the differentiation or growth of lymphocytes, but they are still far from practical application. The recently proposed blood transfusion therapy also falls into this category.
AIDS prevention of mother-to-child transmission
1. Women infected with HIV should not become pregnant.
2. Clinical practice in recent years has found that giving the drug diazide thymidine to treat AIDS three months before delivery can prevent 70% of babies born to mothers with HIV from being infected with HIV.
3. Women with HIV do not need to breastfeed their babies after delivery, because HIV can be transmitted through breast milk.
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